學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
版主: 版主021
學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
http://ys34485257.ncc.to/1599/1599-5-5.htm
http://ys34485257.ncc.to/1600/1600-5-4.htm
◎文╱林宗坤 作者為三軍總醫院臨床藥學部藥師
某天上午,55歲的李先生看完心臟內科張醫師後,到藥局領藥,看到手上的兩個降血壓藥物,發現怎麼與之前拿的藥物顏色與形狀有點不一樣,仔細看藥袋上的製造廠是永信藥廠,心理就在想以前藥盒上都是英文的,就跑來藥局旁邊的用藥指導室,一見藥師就以閩南語詢問:這台灣做的藥物(學名藥)跟外國進口的藥物(原廠)效果一樣嗎?我煩惱我的血壓換藥以後會控制不好?
學名藥物與原廠藥物的效果一樣好嗎?
要回答這些問題,以國家藥證核發機構(台灣衛生署或美國FDA)的角度來說,答案當然是“兩者一樣”,但若以臨床醫療者的觀點或以病人的感受來討論,答案會是“兩者效果不一定相同”,為什麼會有如此的差異呢?
為了表示學名藥與原廠藥的成分是相等的,在美國FDA國家藥證核發機構有二個名詞來說明。
1.製劑相等性(pharmaceutical equivalence):
是表示藥物產品在同一劑量、劑型下含有相等的有效主成分,符合一樣的單位含量(或濃度)、品質、純度與定性要求等標準;但製劑相等性卻可能在藥物產品的外觀(形狀)上、顏色、味道、化學結構(configuration,如R form)、釋放機轉、包裝和賦形劑上有所不同,賦形劑所指的是色素、矯味劑、填充劑和防腐劑等。
2. 治療相等性(therapeutic equivalence):是代表這些具製劑相等性的產品,在仿單核准的途徑投予時具有相同的臨床效果與安全性,這也就是所謂的生體相等性(bioequivalent)。
根據美國FDA的標準,藥物產品被分類為治療相等性時,就可以被代替,意思是當醫師開立處方藥物時,代替的藥物產品可以產生相同的臨床效果與安全性(請注意代替不是取代之意)。
一旦同意了「學名藥替代(generic substitution)」政策(例如在醫院藥事委員會中做成決議),在醫療機構中藥師就可以在處方者開立藥物以後,以具有治療相等性的產品來作代替。臨床上「學名藥替代」不應該與「治療性替代(therapeutic substitution)」混為一談,「治療性替代」是指在同一藥理分類中的不同藥物彼此間作互相代替,在未經醫師授權之下,藥師用另類治療產品取代了醫師所開處方上的藥物產品,例如用cephalexin取代cephradine,這是因為可被認為具有相同的臨床效果。但是如果經由處方集內已經核准建立的書面用藥指南,藥師用另類治療產品取代醫師所開處方上的藥物產品則稱為「治療性取代(therapeutic interchange)」,例如依據文獻資料顯示降血脂藥物atorvastatin在降低病人血脂LDL的臨床效果可以代替另一個降血脂 fluvastatin藥物。
生體相等性可能的問題
生體相等性存在著哪些潛在性的問題呢?美國FDA嘗試以人體體內的實驗數據建立其化合物的生體相等性。試驗的設計稱為平均生體相等性研究(average bioequivalence, ABE),藉由試驗中的受試者去瞭解全部生體相等性平均的結果。標準的平均生體相等性研究以24到36位健康成人,採用兩組治療與對照的交叉設計,每位受試者先服用一個劑量的試驗藥物(如學名藥物),經過一個廓清期之後(washout),受試者再服用另一個對照藥物(如原廠藥物),每一個單一藥物劑量服用期間,受試者都會被抽取十五個血液濃度點,利用這些藥物在體內的濃度點與時間作圖便得到兩個藥物的藥物動力學資料,包含最大體內濃度Cmax和曲線下的面積AUC。結果會以最大體內濃度和曲線下的面積兩個指標瞭解是否有差異,同時以學名藥物代替原廠藥物,以及原廠藥物代替學名藥物兩個不同研究設計看最後結果是否有顯著性的差異。
美國FDA曾經發表兩篇關於學名藥物與原廠藥物在體內藥物動力學數據上差異的研究文章,在1985-1986年時,他們發現在已核准的224個學名藥物當中,其平均的AUC與原廠藥物的差異為3.5%,甚至有高達13個學名藥物(6%),其平均AUC與原廠藥物相差超過10%以上。
學名藥替代和抗癲癇藥物
近幾年來,有許多的抗癲癇藥物專利期已過,陸續有許多的學名藥物已經上市,例如:Phenytoin、Lamotrigine與Depakine等。曾經有學者做過調查,高達三分之二的神經科醫師非常關心病人在轉換原廠藥到學名藥物以之後是否會有癲癇發作與其它副作用的產生。一篇發表在2004年的研究,包括8位病人在轉換成學名藥物Phenytoin以後,癲癇發作的頻率會明顯增加,同時發現轉換學名藥以前Phenytoin平均血中濃度為17.7 ± 5.3 mg/L,轉換以後則為12.5 ± 2.7 mg/L,但如果再轉換回來則會回到17.8 ± 3.9 mg/L。一份2008年丹麥的報告則表示,病人使用Lamotrigine藥物從原廠轉換成學名藥後,也發生許多的不良反應報告,包括病人癲癇發生次數增加與血中濃度較低等。
學名藥物的使用主要是為了要降低藥費的成本,由於醫療費用的增加、人口老化、明星藥物專利過期與慢性病成長等種種原因,導致學名藥物的用量開始大量成長。以藥師的角度來看,如果學名藥物在品質製造上可以提升,除了應該完成BA/BE最基本的臨床試驗外,更應該透過:1.邀請臨床使用者參觀符合cGMP的藥廠,瞭解學名藥物嚴格的產製與品管過程。2.投入研發與臨床試驗經費,改善學名藥物在臨床藥物動力學上的缺點,提供較多的數據說服臨床使用者與病人。3. 透過宣導與教育,告訴民眾降血壓、降血脂等學名藥與原廠藥效果是一樣的,千萬不要有預期的心理產生,及對學名藥物(台廠藥)的誤解,因為學名藥物有部分也是由國外輸入,有些民眾以為只要是國外進口的就是原廠藥物,這是不對的觀念。
根據目前的文獻資料,如果藥物在血中濃度屬於有效治療範圍狹窄的特性,例如抗癲癇藥物,在原廠藥物轉換成學名藥物的治療初期,藥師應該告訴民眾需要特別留意與注意是否有不良反應或不良意外事件發生,如有發生時應立即告訴醫師或藥師協助處理,以預防因癲癇發作所引起的意外事件。
參考資料
1. Nielsen KA, Dahl M, Tommerup E, Wolf P. Comparative daily profiles with different preparations of lamotrigine: a pilot investigation. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:127-130.
2. Anderman F, Duh MS, Gosselin A, Paradis PE. Compulsory generic switching of antiepileptic drugs: high switchback rates to branded compounds compared with other drug classes. Epilepsia. 2007;48:464-469.
3. Lelorier J, Duh MS, Paradis PE, et al. Clinical consequences of generic substitution of lamotrigine for patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70(22 Pt 2):2179-2186.
4. 藥事經濟學入門,第十一章。譚延輝博士,九洲出版。
http://ys34485257.ncc.to/1599/1599-5-5.htm
http://ys34485257.ncc.to/1600/1600-5-4.htm
◎文╱林宗坤 作者為三軍總醫院臨床藥學部藥師
某天上午,55歲的李先生看完心臟內科張醫師後,到藥局領藥,看到手上的兩個降血壓藥物,發現怎麼與之前拿的藥物顏色與形狀有點不一樣,仔細看藥袋上的製造廠是永信藥廠,心理就在想以前藥盒上都是英文的,就跑來藥局旁邊的用藥指導室,一見藥師就以閩南語詢問:這台灣做的藥物(學名藥)跟外國進口的藥物(原廠)效果一樣嗎?我煩惱我的血壓換藥以後會控制不好?
學名藥物與原廠藥物的效果一樣好嗎?
要回答這些問題,以國家藥證核發機構(台灣衛生署或美國FDA)的角度來說,答案當然是“兩者一樣”,但若以臨床醫療者的觀點或以病人的感受來討論,答案會是“兩者效果不一定相同”,為什麼會有如此的差異呢?
為了表示學名藥與原廠藥的成分是相等的,在美國FDA國家藥證核發機構有二個名詞來說明。
1.製劑相等性(pharmaceutical equivalence):
是表示藥物產品在同一劑量、劑型下含有相等的有效主成分,符合一樣的單位含量(或濃度)、品質、純度與定性要求等標準;但製劑相等性卻可能在藥物產品的外觀(形狀)上、顏色、味道、化學結構(configuration,如R form)、釋放機轉、包裝和賦形劑上有所不同,賦形劑所指的是色素、矯味劑、填充劑和防腐劑等。
2. 治療相等性(therapeutic equivalence):是代表這些具製劑相等性的產品,在仿單核准的途徑投予時具有相同的臨床效果與安全性,這也就是所謂的生體相等性(bioequivalent)。
根據美國FDA的標準,藥物產品被分類為治療相等性時,就可以被代替,意思是當醫師開立處方藥物時,代替的藥物產品可以產生相同的臨床效果與安全性(請注意代替不是取代之意)。
一旦同意了「學名藥替代(generic substitution)」政策(例如在醫院藥事委員會中做成決議),在醫療機構中藥師就可以在處方者開立藥物以後,以具有治療相等性的產品來作代替。臨床上「學名藥替代」不應該與「治療性替代(therapeutic substitution)」混為一談,「治療性替代」是指在同一藥理分類中的不同藥物彼此間作互相代替,在未經醫師授權之下,藥師用另類治療產品取代了醫師所開處方上的藥物產品,例如用cephalexin取代cephradine,這是因為可被認為具有相同的臨床效果。但是如果經由處方集內已經核准建立的書面用藥指南,藥師用另類治療產品取代醫師所開處方上的藥物產品則稱為「治療性取代(therapeutic interchange)」,例如依據文獻資料顯示降血脂藥物atorvastatin在降低病人血脂LDL的臨床效果可以代替另一個降血脂 fluvastatin藥物。
生體相等性可能的問題
生體相等性存在著哪些潛在性的問題呢?美國FDA嘗試以人體體內的實驗數據建立其化合物的生體相等性。試驗的設計稱為平均生體相等性研究(average bioequivalence, ABE),藉由試驗中的受試者去瞭解全部生體相等性平均的結果。標準的平均生體相等性研究以24到36位健康成人,採用兩組治療與對照的交叉設計,每位受試者先服用一個劑量的試驗藥物(如學名藥物),經過一個廓清期之後(washout),受試者再服用另一個對照藥物(如原廠藥物),每一個單一藥物劑量服用期間,受試者都會被抽取十五個血液濃度點,利用這些藥物在體內的濃度點與時間作圖便得到兩個藥物的藥物動力學資料,包含最大體內濃度Cmax和曲線下的面積AUC。結果會以最大體內濃度和曲線下的面積兩個指標瞭解是否有差異,同時以學名藥物代替原廠藥物,以及原廠藥物代替學名藥物兩個不同研究設計看最後結果是否有顯著性的差異。
美國FDA曾經發表兩篇關於學名藥物與原廠藥物在體內藥物動力學數據上差異的研究文章,在1985-1986年時,他們發現在已核准的224個學名藥物當中,其平均的AUC與原廠藥物的差異為3.5%,甚至有高達13個學名藥物(6%),其平均AUC與原廠藥物相差超過10%以上。
學名藥替代和抗癲癇藥物
近幾年來,有許多的抗癲癇藥物專利期已過,陸續有許多的學名藥物已經上市,例如:Phenytoin、Lamotrigine與Depakine等。曾經有學者做過調查,高達三分之二的神經科醫師非常關心病人在轉換原廠藥到學名藥物以之後是否會有癲癇發作與其它副作用的產生。一篇發表在2004年的研究,包括8位病人在轉換成學名藥物Phenytoin以後,癲癇發作的頻率會明顯增加,同時發現轉換學名藥以前Phenytoin平均血中濃度為17.7 ± 5.3 mg/L,轉換以後則為12.5 ± 2.7 mg/L,但如果再轉換回來則會回到17.8 ± 3.9 mg/L。一份2008年丹麥的報告則表示,病人使用Lamotrigine藥物從原廠轉換成學名藥後,也發生許多的不良反應報告,包括病人癲癇發生次數增加與血中濃度較低等。
學名藥物的使用主要是為了要降低藥費的成本,由於醫療費用的增加、人口老化、明星藥物專利過期與慢性病成長等種種原因,導致學名藥物的用量開始大量成長。以藥師的角度來看,如果學名藥物在品質製造上可以提升,除了應該完成BA/BE最基本的臨床試驗外,更應該透過:1.邀請臨床使用者參觀符合cGMP的藥廠,瞭解學名藥物嚴格的產製與品管過程。2.投入研發與臨床試驗經費,改善學名藥物在臨床藥物動力學上的缺點,提供較多的數據說服臨床使用者與病人。3. 透過宣導與教育,告訴民眾降血壓、降血脂等學名藥與原廠藥效果是一樣的,千萬不要有預期的心理產生,及對學名藥物(台廠藥)的誤解,因為學名藥物有部分也是由國外輸入,有些民眾以為只要是國外進口的就是原廠藥物,這是不對的觀念。
根據目前的文獻資料,如果藥物在血中濃度屬於有效治療範圍狹窄的特性,例如抗癲癇藥物,在原廠藥物轉換成學名藥物的治療初期,藥師應該告訴民眾需要特別留意與注意是否有不良反應或不良意外事件發生,如有發生時應立即告訴醫師或藥師協助處理,以預防因癲癇發作所引起的意外事件。
參考資料
1. Nielsen KA, Dahl M, Tommerup E, Wolf P. Comparative daily profiles with different preparations of lamotrigine: a pilot investigation. Epilepsy Behav. 2008;13:127-130.
2. Anderman F, Duh MS, Gosselin A, Paradis PE. Compulsory generic switching of antiepileptic drugs: high switchback rates to branded compounds compared with other drug classes. Epilepsia. 2007;48:464-469.
3. Lelorier J, Duh MS, Paradis PE, et al. Clinical consequences of generic substitution of lamotrigine for patients with epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70(22 Pt 2):2179-2186.
4. 藥事經濟學入門,第十一章。譚延輝博士,九洲出版。
- A-HSIEN
- 主任秘書
- 文章: 10039
- 註冊時間: 週二 6月 05, 2007 11:44 am
-
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 204
- 註冊時間: 週三 9月 27, 2006 6:28 pm
- 來自: 南投
-
- 榮譽院長級
- 文章: 31718
- 註冊時間: 週一 11月 20, 2006 5:19 pm
- 來自: 歡婆鄉
Re: 學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
米國昨天也炒這話題,點進去可看全文
=
http://news.google.com.tw/news?ned=us&n ... en&topic=m
Generic Heart Drugs as Good as Brand-Name Counterparts
Washington Post, United States - 6 hours ago
By Amanda Gardner TUESDAY, Dec. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Brand-name drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease are no better than generics, a new review of ...
Study: Generic Heart Drugs Just as Good
WebMD - 6 hours ago
By Miranda Hitti Dec. 2, 2008 -- Brand-name drugs that treat heart disease aren't better than their FDA-approved generic versions, a new study shows. ...
Generic Heart Medicines Found Equal to Brand-Name Counterparts
Bloomberg - 6 hours ago
By Catherine Larkin Dec. 2 (Bloomberg) -- Generic heart drugs work just as well as the brand-name treatments they mimic at a fraction of the cost, ...
Generic heart drugs are just as good
Los Angeles Times, CA - 6 hours ago
Generic drugs for the treatment of heart disease are as effective as their brand-name counterparts, according to a study published today in the Journal of ...
Study: Brand-Name Heart, Blood-Pressure Drugs Not Superior to Generics
Health.com, NY - 6 hours ago
By Patrick Sauer TUESDAY, Dec. 2, 2008 (Health.com) — People who are taking a generic drug to lower blood pressure or ward off stroke and heart troubles can ...
Generic Drugs are as Good as Brand Names for Heart Problems
HealthNewsDigest.com, NY - 5 hours ago
(HealthNewsDigest.com) - When your pharmacist says there is a generic version of the branded drug your doctor prescribed, have you ever wondered: Does this ...
Generic heart drugs as good as brand-names
Scientific American - 4 hours ago
Generic heart medications work just as well as their brand-name counterparts, despite negative commentary on the no-name drugs in medical journals and ...
Brand-name drugs no better than generics: study
Reuters UK, UK - 6 hours ago
By Will Dunham WASHINGTON (Reuters) - There is no evidence that brand-name drugs given to treat heart and other cardiovascular conditions work any better ...
Generic Heart Drugs Just As Effective As Brand Names
Current World News, Canada - 3 hours ago
A new study finds that many generic heart drugs are just as effective as actual brand name drugs that they mimic. The belief is typically that generic drugs ...
Generic heart drugs measure up to branded versions: review
CBC.ca, Canada - 5 hours ago
Brand-name drugs for treating cardiovascular disease don't appear to be clinically superior to generic versions, say US researchers who reviewed studies ...
=
http://news.google.com.tw/news?ned=us&n ... en&topic=m
Generic Heart Drugs as Good as Brand-Name Counterparts
Washington Post, United States - 6 hours ago
By Amanda Gardner TUESDAY, Dec. 2 (HealthDay News) -- Brand-name drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease are no better than generics, a new review of ...
Study: Generic Heart Drugs Just as Good
WebMD - 6 hours ago
By Miranda Hitti Dec. 2, 2008 -- Brand-name drugs that treat heart disease aren't better than their FDA-approved generic versions, a new study shows. ...
Generic Heart Medicines Found Equal to Brand-Name Counterparts
Bloomberg - 6 hours ago
By Catherine Larkin Dec. 2 (Bloomberg) -- Generic heart drugs work just as well as the brand-name treatments they mimic at a fraction of the cost, ...
Generic heart drugs are just as good
Los Angeles Times, CA - 6 hours ago
Generic drugs for the treatment of heart disease are as effective as their brand-name counterparts, according to a study published today in the Journal of ...
Study: Brand-Name Heart, Blood-Pressure Drugs Not Superior to Generics
Health.com, NY - 6 hours ago
By Patrick Sauer TUESDAY, Dec. 2, 2008 (Health.com) — People who are taking a generic drug to lower blood pressure or ward off stroke and heart troubles can ...
Generic Drugs are as Good as Brand Names for Heart Problems
HealthNewsDigest.com, NY - 5 hours ago
(HealthNewsDigest.com) - When your pharmacist says there is a generic version of the branded drug your doctor prescribed, have you ever wondered: Does this ...
Generic heart drugs as good as brand-names
Scientific American - 4 hours ago
Generic heart medications work just as well as their brand-name counterparts, despite negative commentary on the no-name drugs in medical journals and ...
Brand-name drugs no better than generics: study
Reuters UK, UK - 6 hours ago
By Will Dunham WASHINGTON (Reuters) - There is no evidence that brand-name drugs given to treat heart and other cardiovascular conditions work any better ...
Generic Heart Drugs Just As Effective As Brand Names
Current World News, Canada - 3 hours ago
A new study finds that many generic heart drugs are just as effective as actual brand name drugs that they mimic. The belief is typically that generic drugs ...
Generic heart drugs measure up to branded versions: review
CBC.ca, Canada - 5 hours ago
Brand-name drugs for treating cardiovascular disease don't appear to be clinically superior to generic versions, say US researchers who reviewed studies ...
台灣是個寶島
- jesuischinoise
- 主任秘書
- 文章: 10599
- 註冊時間: 週三 8月 20, 2008 11:01 am
Re: 學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
兩罐都號稱以海藻為主成分的面霜
一家是外國赫赫有名的海X拉拉
一個是國內廠做的
民眾覺得哪個比較好用呢
同樣道理可推到藥物上面 (挖鼻孔) (挖鼻孔)
一家是外國赫赫有名的海X拉拉
一個是國內廠做的
民眾覺得哪個比較好用呢
同樣道理可推到藥物上面 (挖鼻孔) (挖鼻孔)
常常喜樂 不住禱告 凡事謝恩
用認養取代買賣,可愛狗貓待認養(品種狗貓也有):
全國動物收容系統
http://www.meetpets.org.tw/pets/dog
http://www.meetpets.org.tw/pets/cat
敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有,尊榮,生命為賞賜
用認養取代買賣,可愛狗貓待認養(品種狗貓也有):
全國動物收容系統
http://www.meetpets.org.tw/pets/dog
http://www.meetpets.org.tw/pets/cat
敬畏耶和華心存謙卑,就得富有,尊榮,生命為賞賜
-
- 註冊會員
- 文章: 36
- 註冊時間: 週五 10月 17, 2008 6:45 am
-
- V1
- 文章: 1614
- 註冊時間: 週一 10月 23, 2006 4:11 pm
Re: 學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
-------------------------------------------------------F16 寫:看個人體質,無定論gustarf 寫:Norvasc台廠藥哪家最優'不知道大家的意見如何?
都不及原廠
南光有生產10 mg的
- 老烏鴉
- 指導教授
- 文章: 8938
- 註冊時間: 週一 9月 04, 2006 10:20 am
- 來自: 台灣尾
- truelovecoco
- 院長級
- 文章: 20820
- 註冊時間: 週六 6月 24, 2006 1:03 pm
-
- 指導教授
- 文章: 8219
- 註冊時間: 週三 11月 08, 2006 1:03 pm
Re: 學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
華興也有10mg的小兵 寫:-------------------------------------------------------F16 寫:看個人體質,無定論gustarf 寫:Norvasc台廠藥哪家最優'不知道大家的意見如何?
都不及原廠
南光有生產10 mg的
-
- CR
- 文章: 791
- 註冊時間: 週四 6月 26, 2008 10:21 am
- 來自: Grey area.....
Re: 學名藥與原廠藥效果一樣好嗎?
Clinical Equivalence of Generic and Brand-Name Drugs Used in Cardiovascular Disease
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Aaron S. Kesselheim, MD, JD, MPH; Alexander S. Misono, BA; Joy L. Lee, BA; Margaret R. Stedman, MPH; M. Alan Brookhart, PhD; Niteesh K. Choudhry, MD, PhD; William H. Shrank, MD, MSHS
JAMA. 2008;300(21):2514-2526.
Context
Use of generic drugs, which are bioequivalent to brand-name drugs, can help contain prescription drug spending. However, there is concern among patients and physicians that brand-name drugs may be clinically superior to generic drugs.
Objectives
To summarize clinical evidence comparing generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease and to assess the perspectives of editorialists on this issue.
Data Sources
Systematic searches of peer-reviewed publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from January 1984 to August 2008.
Study Selection
Studies compared generic and brand-name cardiovascular drugs using clinical efficacy and safety end points. We separately identified editorials addressing generic substitution.
Data Extraction
We extracted variables related to the study design, setting, participants, clinical end points, and funding. Methodological quality of the trials was assessed by Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa scores, and a meta-analysis was performed to determine an aggregate effect size. For editorials, we categorized authors' positions on generic substitution as negative, positive, or neutral.
Results
We identified 47 articles covering 9 subclasses of cardiovascular medications, of which 38 (81%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Clinical equivalence was noted in 7 of 7 RCTs (100%) of β-blockers, 10 of 11 RCTs (91%) of diuretics, 5 of 7 RCTs (71%) of calcium channel blockers, 3 of 3 RCTs (100%) of antiplatelet agents, 2 of 2 RCTs (100%) of statins, 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of -blockers. Among narrow therapeutic index drugs, clinical equivalence was reported in 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of class 1 antiarrhythmic agents and 5 of 5 RCTs (100%) of warfarin. Aggregate effect size (n = 837) was –0.03 (95% confidence interval, –0.15 to 0.08), indicating no evidence of superiority of brand-name to generic drugs. Among 43 editorials, 23 (53%) expressed a negative view of generic drug substitution.
Conclusions
Whereas evidence does not support the notion that brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease are superior to generic drugs, a substantial number of editorials counsel against the interchangeability of generic drugs.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Aaron S. Kesselheim, MD, JD, MPH; Alexander S. Misono, BA; Joy L. Lee, BA; Margaret R. Stedman, MPH; M. Alan Brookhart, PhD; Niteesh K. Choudhry, MD, PhD; William H. Shrank, MD, MSHS
JAMA. 2008;300(21):2514-2526.
Context
Use of generic drugs, which are bioequivalent to brand-name drugs, can help contain prescription drug spending. However, there is concern among patients and physicians that brand-name drugs may be clinically superior to generic drugs.
Objectives
To summarize clinical evidence comparing generic and brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease and to assess the perspectives of editorialists on this issue.
Data Sources
Systematic searches of peer-reviewed publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from January 1984 to August 2008.
Study Selection
Studies compared generic and brand-name cardiovascular drugs using clinical efficacy and safety end points. We separately identified editorials addressing generic substitution.
Data Extraction
We extracted variables related to the study design, setting, participants, clinical end points, and funding. Methodological quality of the trials was assessed by Jadad and Newcastle-Ottawa scores, and a meta-analysis was performed to determine an aggregate effect size. For editorials, we categorized authors' positions on generic substitution as negative, positive, or neutral.
Results
We identified 47 articles covering 9 subclasses of cardiovascular medications, of which 38 (81%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Clinical equivalence was noted in 7 of 7 RCTs (100%) of β-blockers, 10 of 11 RCTs (91%) of diuretics, 5 of 7 RCTs (71%) of calcium channel blockers, 3 of 3 RCTs (100%) of antiplatelet agents, 2 of 2 RCTs (100%) of statins, 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of -blockers. Among narrow therapeutic index drugs, clinical equivalence was reported in 1 of 1 RCT (100%) of class 1 antiarrhythmic agents and 5 of 5 RCTs (100%) of warfarin. Aggregate effect size (n = 837) was –0.03 (95% confidence interval, –0.15 to 0.08), indicating no evidence of superiority of brand-name to generic drugs. Among 43 editorials, 23 (53%) expressed a negative view of generic drug substitution.
Conclusions
Whereas evidence does not support the notion that brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular disease are superior to generic drugs, a substantial number of editorials counsel against the interchangeability of generic drugs.
'We are all just prisoners here of our own device'