都放在這邊...
有空慢慢補...
有興趣的人可以一起幫忙找唷...
三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
版主: 版主021
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10 ... lm.nih.gov
Abstract
American Journal of Veterinary Research
September 2008, Vol. 69, No. 9, Pages 1217-1228
doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1217
Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs
Renate Reimschuessel, VMD, PhD; Charles M. Gieseker, MS; Ron A. Miller, PhD; Jeffrey Ward, DVM, PhD; Jamie Boehmer, MS; Nathan Rummel, BS; David N. Heller, BS; Cristina Nochetto, BS; G. K. Hemakanthi de Alwis, PhD; Neal Bataller, ME, DVM; Wendy C. Andersen, PhD; Sherri B. Turnipseed, PhD; Christine M. Karbiwnyk, PhD; R. Duane Satzger, PhD; John B. Crowe, BS; Nancy R. Wilber, DVM; Mary K. Reinhard, DVM; John F. Roberts, DVM; Mark R. Witkowski, PhD
Center for Veterinary Medicine, US FDA, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708. (Reimschuessel, Gieseker, Ward, Boehmer, Rummel, Heller, Nochetto, de Alwis); 7500 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855. (Miller); 7519 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855. (Bataller); Animal Drugs Research Center, US FDA, Denver Federal Center, Bldg 20, W 6th Ave and Kipling Blvd, Denver, CO 80225-0087. (Andersen, Turnipseed, Karbiwnyk); Forensic Chemistry Center, US FDA, 6751 Steger Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45237. (Satzger, Crowe, Witkowski); Academy Animal Hospital, 4025 N Federal Hwy, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33308. (Wilber); Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. (Reinhard, Roberts)
The authors thank Marleen Wekell, Randall Lovell, Deborah H. Brooks, Aleta Sindelar, Mark R. Madson, and Joseph M. Storey for assistance in data and sample collection; Badar Shaikh for the illustrations; and Eric Anderson and Mark McDonald for technical assistance.
Address correspondence to Dr. Reimschuessel.
Objective—To determine whether renal crystals can be experimentally induced in animals fed melamine or the related triazine compound cyanuric acid, separately or in combination, and to compare experimentally induced crystals with those from a cat with triazine-related renal failure.
Animals—75 fish (21 tilapia, 24 rainbow trout, 15 channel catfish, and 15 Atlantic salmon), 4 pigs, and 1 cat that was euthanatized because of renal failure.
Procedures—Fish and pigs were fed a target dosage of melamine (400 mg/kg), cyanuric acid (400 mg/kg), or melamine and cyanuric acid (400 mg of each compound/kg) daily for 3 days and were euthanatized 1, 3, 6, 10, or 14 days after administration ceased. Fresh, frozen, and formalin-fixed kidneys were examined for crystals. Edible tissues were collected for residue analysis. Crystals were examined for composition via Raman spectroscopy and hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Results—All animals fed the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid developed goldbrown renal crystals arranged in radial spheres (spherulites), similar to those detected in the cat. Spectral analyses of crystals from the cat, pigs, and fish were consistent with melamine-cyanurate complex crystals. Melamine and cyanuric acid residues were identified in edible tissues of fish.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Although melamine and cyanuric acid appeared to have low toxicity when administered separately, they induced extensive renal crystal formation when administered together. The subsequent renal failure may be similar to acute uric acid nephropathy in humans, in which crystal spherulites obstruct renal tubules.
Abstract
American Journal of Veterinary Research
September 2008, Vol. 69, No. 9, Pages 1217-1228
doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.9.1217
Evaluation of the renal effects of experimental feeding of melamine and cyanuric acid to fish and pigs
Renate Reimschuessel, VMD, PhD; Charles M. Gieseker, MS; Ron A. Miller, PhD; Jeffrey Ward, DVM, PhD; Jamie Boehmer, MS; Nathan Rummel, BS; David N. Heller, BS; Cristina Nochetto, BS; G. K. Hemakanthi de Alwis, PhD; Neal Bataller, ME, DVM; Wendy C. Andersen, PhD; Sherri B. Turnipseed, PhD; Christine M. Karbiwnyk, PhD; R. Duane Satzger, PhD; John B. Crowe, BS; Nancy R. Wilber, DVM; Mary K. Reinhard, DVM; John F. Roberts, DVM; Mark R. Witkowski, PhD
Center for Veterinary Medicine, US FDA, 8401 Muirkirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708. (Reimschuessel, Gieseker, Ward, Boehmer, Rummel, Heller, Nochetto, de Alwis); 7500 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855. (Miller); 7519 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855. (Bataller); Animal Drugs Research Center, US FDA, Denver Federal Center, Bldg 20, W 6th Ave and Kipling Blvd, Denver, CO 80225-0087. (Andersen, Turnipseed, Karbiwnyk); Forensic Chemistry Center, US FDA, 6751 Steger Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45237. (Satzger, Crowe, Witkowski); Academy Animal Hospital, 4025 N Federal Hwy, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33308. (Wilber); Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. (Reinhard, Roberts)
The authors thank Marleen Wekell, Randall Lovell, Deborah H. Brooks, Aleta Sindelar, Mark R. Madson, and Joseph M. Storey for assistance in data and sample collection; Badar Shaikh for the illustrations; and Eric Anderson and Mark McDonald for technical assistance.
Address correspondence to Dr. Reimschuessel.
Objective—To determine whether renal crystals can be experimentally induced in animals fed melamine or the related triazine compound cyanuric acid, separately or in combination, and to compare experimentally induced crystals with those from a cat with triazine-related renal failure.
Animals—75 fish (21 tilapia, 24 rainbow trout, 15 channel catfish, and 15 Atlantic salmon), 4 pigs, and 1 cat that was euthanatized because of renal failure.
Procedures—Fish and pigs were fed a target dosage of melamine (400 mg/kg), cyanuric acid (400 mg/kg), or melamine and cyanuric acid (400 mg of each compound/kg) daily for 3 days and were euthanatized 1, 3, 6, 10, or 14 days after administration ceased. Fresh, frozen, and formalin-fixed kidneys were examined for crystals. Edible tissues were collected for residue analysis. Crystals were examined for composition via Raman spectroscopy and hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Results—All animals fed the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid developed goldbrown renal crystals arranged in radial spheres (spherulites), similar to those detected in the cat. Spectral analyses of crystals from the cat, pigs, and fish were consistent with melamine-cyanurate complex crystals. Melamine and cyanuric acid residues were identified in edible tissues of fish.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance —Although melamine and cyanuric acid appeared to have low toxicity when administered separately, they induced extensive renal crystal formation when administered together. The subsequent renal failure may be similar to acute uric acid nephropathy in humans, in which crystal spherulites obstruct renal tubules.
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
http://avmajournals.avma.org/doi/abs/10 ... lm.nih.gov
Abstract
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
September 1, 2008, Vol. 233, No. 5, Pages 729-737
doi: 10.2460/javma.233.5.729
Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid
Rachel E. Cianciolo, VMD; Karyn Bischoff, DVM, DABVT, MS; Joseph G. Ebel, BS; Thomas J. Van Winkle, VMD, DACVP; Richard E. Goldstein, DVM, DACVIM; Laurie M. Serfilippi, VMD, DACLAM
Department of Pathology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (Cianciolo, Van Winkle); Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Bischoff); Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Ebel); Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Goldstein); Aspen Hollow Veterinary Services, RR1 Box 105, Thompson, PA 18465. (Serfilippi)
Dr. Cianciolo's present address is the Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.
The authors thank Joseph Hillebrandt and Kerry Manzell for technical assistance, Randall Lovell and Scott Moroff for expertise and guidance, and Hollis Erb for assistance with statistical analysis.
Address correspondence to Dr. Bischoff.
Objective—To document clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid.
Design—Case series.
Animals—70 cats from a single cattery inadvertently fed contaminated food that was the subject of a March 2007 recall.
Procedures—Clinical signs, clinicopathologic and histopathologic findings, and results of toxicologic analyses were recorded
Results—Clinical signs were identified in 43 cats and included inappetence, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, and lethargy. Azotemia was documented in 38 of the 68 cats for which serum biochemical analyses were performed 7 to 11 days after consumption of the contaminated food. One cat died, and 13 were euthanized. Histologic examination of kidney specimens from 13 cats revealed intratubular crystalluria, tubular necrosis with regeneration, and subcapsular perivascular inflammation characterized by perivascular fibroplasia or fibrosis and inflammation with intravascular fibrin thrombi. Toxicologic analyses revealed melamine and cyanuric acid in samples of cat food, vomitus, urine, and kidneys.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats unintentionally fed pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid, the most consistent clinical and pathologic abnormalities were associated with the urinary tract, specifically tubular necrosis and crystalluria.
Abstract
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
September 1, 2008, Vol. 233, No. 5, Pages 729-737
doi: 10.2460/javma.233.5.729
Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid
Rachel E. Cianciolo, VMD; Karyn Bischoff, DVM, DABVT, MS; Joseph G. Ebel, BS; Thomas J. Van Winkle, VMD, DACVP; Richard E. Goldstein, DVM, DACVIM; Laurie M. Serfilippi, VMD, DACLAM
Department of Pathology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. (Cianciolo, Van Winkle); Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Bischoff); Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Ebel); Hospital for Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. (Goldstein); Aspen Hollow Veterinary Services, RR1 Box 105, Thompson, PA 18465. (Serfilippi)
Dr. Cianciolo's present address is the Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606.
The authors thank Joseph Hillebrandt and Kerry Manzell for technical assistance, Randall Lovell and Scott Moroff for expertise and guidance, and Hollis Erb for assistance with statistical analysis.
Address correspondence to Dr. Bischoff.
Objective—To document clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid.
Design—Case series.
Animals—70 cats from a single cattery inadvertently fed contaminated food that was the subject of a March 2007 recall.
Procedures—Clinical signs, clinicopathologic and histopathologic findings, and results of toxicologic analyses were recorded
Results—Clinical signs were identified in 43 cats and included inappetence, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, and lethargy. Azotemia was documented in 38 of the 68 cats for which serum biochemical analyses were performed 7 to 11 days after consumption of the contaminated food. One cat died, and 13 were euthanized. Histologic examination of kidney specimens from 13 cats revealed intratubular crystalluria, tubular necrosis with regeneration, and subcapsular perivascular inflammation characterized by perivascular fibroplasia or fibrosis and inflammation with intravascular fibrin thrombi. Toxicologic analyses revealed melamine and cyanuric acid in samples of cat food, vomitus, urine, and kidneys.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats unintentionally fed pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid, the most consistent clinical and pathologic abnormalities were associated with the urinary tract, specifically tubular necrosis and crystalluria.
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
Determination of melamine residue in feeds by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry[Article in Chinese]
Se Pu. 2008 May;26(3):339-42.
Cai Q, Ouyang Y, Qian Z, Peng Y.
Technical Center of Zhuhai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhuhai 519015, China. [email protected]
A method for fast determination melamine residue in feeds was established. An ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used. The residue was quantified with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated and good results were obtained with respect to precision, repeatability and spiked recovery. The limit of detection was 10 microg/kg for melamine, and the linear range was from 10 to 5 000 1g/kg. The average recoveries were between 83% and 94% in the spiked range of 10 - 100 microg/kg, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 4.2% and 6.5%. The method has good repeatability and high sensitivity, and can be applied for the determination of melamine residue in feeds.
Se Pu. 2008 May;26(3):339-42.
Cai Q, Ouyang Y, Qian Z, Peng Y.
Technical Center of Zhuhai Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Zhuhai 519015, China. [email protected]
A method for fast determination melamine residue in feeds was established. An ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used. The residue was quantified with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated and good results were obtained with respect to precision, repeatability and spiked recovery. The limit of detection was 10 microg/kg for melamine, and the linear range was from 10 to 5 000 1g/kg. The average recoveries were between 83% and 94% in the spiked range of 10 - 100 microg/kg, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were between 4.2% and 6.5%. The method has good repeatability and high sensitivity, and can be applied for the determination of melamine residue in feeds.
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
Characterization of melamine-containing and calcium oxalate crystals in three dogs with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis.
Thompson ME, Lewin-Smith MR, Kalasinsky VF, Pizzolato KM, Fleetwood ML, McElhaney MR, Johnson TO.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA. [email protected]
The histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals associated with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis in 3 dogs are described. Kidney specimens from 2 dogs, a 3-year-old Parson Russell Terrier and a 3-year-old Bernese Mountain Dog, were examined.
Both developed acute renal failure after eating canned pet food on the 2007 Menu Foods recall list. The third case was a kidney specimen from a 1-year-old mixed-breed dog from a similar 2004 outbreak of canine renal failure in Taiwan, which occurred after eating a commercial dog food. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), 72-hour Oil Red O (ORO72h), Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3), and Von Kossa stains; infrared (IR) spectroscopy; and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDXA) were performed to determine the histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals observed in each case.
Histomorphologic findings in each case included acute, marked tubular degeneration and necrosis with many intratubular birefringent crystals, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis.
In each case, most of the crystals were rough, pale brown, and stained with ORO72h but did not stain with Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3) or Von Kossa stains; these features were consistent with a plastic or lipid.
IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results were consistent with melamine-containing crystals. A second crystal type identified in each case was smooth and platelike with staining characteristics and IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results consistent with calcium oxalate crystals. Melamine-containing crystals have distinct light microscopic, histochemical, and SEM/EDXA characteristics that facilitate their identification in tissue.
Thompson ME, Lewin-Smith MR, Kalasinsky VF, Pizzolato KM, Fleetwood ML, McElhaney MR, Johnson TO.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 6825 16th Street, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA. [email protected]
The histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals associated with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis in 3 dogs are described. Kidney specimens from 2 dogs, a 3-year-old Parson Russell Terrier and a 3-year-old Bernese Mountain Dog, were examined.
Both developed acute renal failure after eating canned pet food on the 2007 Menu Foods recall list. The third case was a kidney specimen from a 1-year-old mixed-breed dog from a similar 2004 outbreak of canine renal failure in Taiwan, which occurred after eating a commercial dog food. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), 72-hour Oil Red O (ORO72h), Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3), and Von Kossa stains; infrared (IR) spectroscopy; and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDXA) were performed to determine the histomorphologic characteristics and chemical composition of the crystals observed in each case.
Histomorphologic findings in each case included acute, marked tubular degeneration and necrosis with many intratubular birefringent crystals, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis.
In each case, most of the crystals were rough, pale brown, and stained with ORO72h but did not stain with Alizarin Red S (pH 4.1-4.3) or Von Kossa stains; these features were consistent with a plastic or lipid.
IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results were consistent with melamine-containing crystals. A second crystal type identified in each case was smooth and platelike with staining characteristics and IR spectroscopy and SEM/EDXA results consistent with calcium oxalate crystals. Melamine-containing crystals have distinct light microscopic, histochemical, and SEM/EDXA characteristics that facilitate their identification in tissue.
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
Diagnostic determination of melamine and related compounds in kidney tissue by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):7593-9. Epub 2008 Jul 25.
Filigenzi MS, Puschner B, Aston LS, Poppenga RH.
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Toxicology Laboratory University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. [email protected]
In 2007, it was determined that melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid (abbreviated as MARC for melamine and related contaminants) had been added to wheat gluten and rice protein that were subsequently incorporated into pet food.
The consumption of food tainted by MARC compounds was implicated in numerous instances of renal failure in cats and dogs.
A method for the analysis of MARC compounds in kidney tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) has been developed.
MARC analytes were extracted by homogenization of kidney tissue in 50/40/10 acetonitrile/water/diethylamine.
The homogenate was centrifuged, and an aliquot of supernatant was diluted with acetonitrile, concentrated, and fortified with a stable isotope-labeled analogue of melamine.
Analytes were detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Quantitation of positive samples was performed using the internal standard method and five-point calibration curves ranging between 50 and 1000 ng/mL of each analyte. The method was validated by analysis of replicate kidney tissue samples fortified with the individual analytes and by analysis of kidney samples fortified with melamine cyanurate powder at two different concentrations.
This method was successfully used for routine postmortem diagnosis of melamine toxicosis in animals. Melamine was also detected by this method in paraffin-embedded tissue from animals suspected to have died of melamine toxicosis.
J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Sep 10;56(17):7593-9. Epub 2008 Jul 25.
Filigenzi MS, Puschner B, Aston LS, Poppenga RH.
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Toxicology Laboratory University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. [email protected]
In 2007, it was determined that melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid (abbreviated as MARC for melamine and related contaminants) had been added to wheat gluten and rice protein that were subsequently incorporated into pet food.
The consumption of food tainted by MARC compounds was implicated in numerous instances of renal failure in cats and dogs.
A method for the analysis of MARC compounds in kidney tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) has been developed.
MARC analytes were extracted by homogenization of kidney tissue in 50/40/10 acetonitrile/water/diethylamine.
The homogenate was centrifuged, and an aliquot of supernatant was diluted with acetonitrile, concentrated, and fortified with a stable isotope-labeled analogue of melamine.
Analytes were detected using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and multiple reaction monitoring. Quantitation of positive samples was performed using the internal standard method and five-point calibration curves ranging between 50 and 1000 ng/mL of each analyte. The method was validated by analysis of replicate kidney tissue samples fortified with the individual analytes and by analysis of kidney samples fortified with melamine cyanurate powder at two different concentrations.
This method was successfully used for routine postmortem diagnosis of melamine toxicosis in animals. Melamine was also detected by this method in paraffin-embedded tissue from animals suspected to have died of melamine toxicosis.
-
taipeior
- V3
- 文章: 3276
- 註冊時間: 週六 11月 11, 2006 2:45 am
-
chenille
- Intern
- 文章: 58
- 註冊時間: 週五 8月 08, 2008 9:04 pm
-
chenille
- Intern
- 文章: 58
- 註冊時間: 週五 8月 08, 2008 9:04 pm
Re: 三聚氰胺(Melamine)的相關期刊...
Release of formaldehyde and melamine from tableware made of melamine-formaldehyde resin.
Food Addit Contam. 1990 Jan-Feb;7(1):21-7
Sugita T, Ishiwata H, Yoshihira K.
National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
The relationship between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released into 4% acetic acid from dishes and bowls made of melamine-formaldehyde resin was determined.
The average concentrations in the migration solution after the sample had been treated at 60, 80, and 95 degrees C for 30 min with 4% acetic acid were 0.0 +/- 0.1, 0.5 +/- 0.4 and 3.0 +/- 2.2 ppm, respectively for formaldehyde and 0.04 +/- 0.07, 0.21 +/- 0.20 and 1.19 +/- 1.18 ppm, respectively for melamine.
The correlation between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released at 95 degrees C was y=0.4858x-0.2728 (r=0.8860), where y is melamine concentration (ppm), x is formaldehyde concentration (ppm) and r is the correlation coefficient.
The molar concentration ratios of formaldehyde to melamine (F/M ratio) were 15.4 +/- 11.6 at 80 degrees C and 14.9 +/- 10.1 at 95 degrees C.
Hence the release of both migrants was affected by temperature but the F/M ratio was not affected. The release of both compounds was was increased on repetition of the migration test at 95 degrees C but their concentrations remained constant after the tenth and seventeenth repetitions of the treatment.
During this period, the F/M ratio decreased according to the equation 1n y=-1.4344 1n x+3.7814 (r=-0.9984) for a sample before the tenth repetition of the treatment and remained between 1.7 and 1.9 after the twelfth repetition, where y is the F/M ratio and x is the number of repetitions of the treatment.
Food Addit Contam. 1990 Jan-Feb;7(1):21-7
Sugita T, Ishiwata H, Yoshihira K.
National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Kamiyoga 1-chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
The relationship between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released into 4% acetic acid from dishes and bowls made of melamine-formaldehyde resin was determined.
The average concentrations in the migration solution after the sample had been treated at 60, 80, and 95 degrees C for 30 min with 4% acetic acid were 0.0 +/- 0.1, 0.5 +/- 0.4 and 3.0 +/- 2.2 ppm, respectively for formaldehyde and 0.04 +/- 0.07, 0.21 +/- 0.20 and 1.19 +/- 1.18 ppm, respectively for melamine.
The correlation between the concentrations of formaldehyde and melamine released at 95 degrees C was y=0.4858x-0.2728 (r=0.8860), where y is melamine concentration (ppm), x is formaldehyde concentration (ppm) and r is the correlation coefficient.
The molar concentration ratios of formaldehyde to melamine (F/M ratio) were 15.4 +/- 11.6 at 80 degrees C and 14.9 +/- 10.1 at 95 degrees C.
Hence the release of both migrants was affected by temperature but the F/M ratio was not affected. The release of both compounds was was increased on repetition of the migration test at 95 degrees C but their concentrations remained constant after the tenth and seventeenth repetitions of the treatment.
During this period, the F/M ratio decreased according to the equation 1n y=-1.4344 1n x+3.7814 (r=-0.9984) for a sample before the tenth repetition of the treatment and remained between 1.7 and 1.9 after the twelfth repetition, where y is the F/M ratio and x is the number of repetitions of the treatment.